External Consultants
Deborah Loewenberg Ball is Dean of the School of Education and Professor of Education at the
University of Michigan. Ball is internationally known for her research on elementary mathematics
instruction. She is currently studying the nature of the mathematical knowledge needed for teaching
elementary mathematics. She is a member of the President's National Mathematics Advisory Panel.
Liping Ma is a Senior Scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Her 1999 book Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics and her concept of "profound
understanding of elementary mathematics" have had a major impact on the field of mathematics education.
Akihiko Takahashi is Assistant Professor of Education at DePaul University. He taught
elementary school in Japan for more than ten years, and later received his PhD in mathematics
education from the University of Illinois. He has worked extensively on elementary curricula
development and on teacher preparation.
Hung-Hsi Wu is Professor of Mathematics at the University of California at Berkeley.
He has written numerous articles and gives frequent invited talks on curricular issues in
K-12 education and on teacher preparation and professional development. He runs summer
workshops for teachers and has served on many committees on mathematics education.
He is currently a member of the President's National Mathematics Advisory Panel.